Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques
2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1168-1175
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.
ISSN: 2309-1185
Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com
Development of an Analytical Method for
Determination of Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin in
Resource Water, Prediction and Environmental
Risk Assessment
M. Alimohammadi 1,2, M. Asadi-Ghalhari , Y. Ghafuri *
3
3
1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
3
Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Received: 21/05/2020
Accepted: 16/07/2020
Published: 20/09/2020
Abstract
Carboplatin and Oxaliplatin as cytotoxic drugs have developed in recent years as a group of antineoplastic agents, have the ability
to kill or stop the growth of certain living cells and are used in chemotherapy of cancer. That their function is through the disruption of
cell division. This study aimed to determine carboplatin and Oxaliplatin in wastewater samples by the characterization of the LC-MS/MS
method. The method was carried out on ODS C18 (250 mm, 3.5 µm) in which the mobile phase was A = Water +0.1% formic acid, B=
methanol +0.1% formic acid, (A / B) = 20:80(V/V), flow rate: 0.3 mL/min, and injection volumes: 5 µL. The method was validated for
LOD, LOQ, accuracy and precision. Results of environmental risk assessment showed that RQ (risk quotient) for Carboplatin and
Oxaliplatin were 0.51 and 0.038 respectively that indicates all of platinum compounds had low environmental exposure risk . In this
regard, studies should be carried out to evaluate the toxicity and genotoxicity effects of the metabolites of cytotoxic platinum compounds
and strategies to removal of these compounds.
Keywords: Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin, Risk, Assessment
Introduction1
especially for platinum ion, in environmental samples, and
1
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV
detection, to measure the complexity of the platinum drug has
applied. Of course, the above methods are about the relatively
high levels of platinum in environmental samples. HPLC
coupled with triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS)
is a commonly used method with high effectiveness for
measurement of pharmaceutical residues in various
environmental samples (7, 8, and 9). Currently, in all oncology
wards of hospitals in Qom Province in the central part of Iran,
platinum complexes containing carboplatin and oxaliplatin are
widely incorporated. This study aimed to develope of an
analytical Method for determination of Carboplatin and
Oxaliplatin in resource water, prediction and environmental
risk assessment.
Very low levels of drug combinations in water and
wastewater environments around the world have been widely
considered (1). Cytotoxic drugs have developed in recent years
as a group of antineoplastic agents, have the ability to kill or
stop the growth of certain living cells and are used in
chemotherapy of cancer. That their function is through the
disruption of cell division (2). Most of the anticancer drugs are
classified as mutations or teratogenic for humans. According to
guidelines and regulations for the safe handling of anticancer
drugs, many studies have shown that the staff and the medical
staff are exposed to these drug (3). Carboplatin and oxaliplatin
are complexes of Pt that utilize anticancer drug and are
effective in the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancer.
Anticancer drugs are also very effective in the treatment of
many malignant tumors, lymphomas, and so on (4). Anticancer
Platinum complex drugs have important antitumor activity
caused particularly by the Cross-linking of DNA and formation
of DNA adducts, subsequently triggering apoptosis and leading
to cell death. Platinum complex drugs are excreted by patients
and released to the urban wastewater system. Health impacts
are considerable with the incomplete removal of
pharmaceutical compounds, especially the platinum complex
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Chemicals and reagents
Analytical standards of platinum complexes carboplatin
(Car-pt, Cas 41575-94-4) and oxaliplatin (Oxa-pt, Cas 61825-
94-3) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich with the highest
percentage of purity (>99%). All solvents were of HPLC grade,
and all chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Formic acid
(98–