Quality and Environmental Conservation of Coastal Ecosystems in Purworejo, Indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 985-987

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Quality and Environmental Conservation of

Coastal Ecosystems in Purworejo, Indonesia

Widodo Brontowiyono , Kasam , Lupiyanto R , Nugrahayu Q , Widyastuti A , Harmawan

Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

Karunia Sejahtera, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

Received: 19/12/2019

Accepted: 17/06/2020

Published: 20/09/2020

Abstract

The quality of coastal ecosystems in Purworejo - Central Java tends to degrade due to pollution and environmental degradation. This

study aims to identify indicators, including soil ecosystem, water quality, wastewater, and seawater quality. The methods include geo-

electrical survey, field observation, and laboratory test. The results show that the area is polluted and degraded. Salinity distribution

varies between 0.01 and 0.13 due to geological factors and seawater intrusion. Another finding shows that TSS reaches 1000-13.000

mg/L with 162-551 mg/L BOD, 2.24-4.77 mg/L Sulfide, and 0.61-2.06 mg/L Nitrite allegedly caused by shrimp farming activities. Clean

water sources are polluted as total coliforms reach 46x103 – 195x103 MPN/100 ml. Seawater quality is also degraded with 8.96 pH. Pb,

Cd, Cr, and Hg exceed the standard. This study recommends that, for a sustainable coastal area, shrimp farming should apply the best

practice management with a wastewater treatment plant. Such area requires sanitation facilities to minimize pollution by coliforms. Firm

control should be performed on industrial activities that contaminate seawater with heavy metals. Clean water pumping through wells

should not exceed 16.82 m of depth to anticipate seawater intrusion.

Keywords: Pollution, Degradation, Conservation, Coastal area

Introduction¹

flows further inland, which also leads to changes in the physical

characteristics of land. Concentration of Nitrite in pollutants

greatly increases when neraby farm lands who predominantly

uses inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides (4).

Such study is intended to make recommendations for the

management of pollution and environmental damage in coastal

ecosystems as part of conservation planning and environmental

recovery.

Marine and coastal ecosystems are continuously exposed to

pollution caused by eutrophication, toxic substances such as

pesticides and POPs, heavy metals, ocean acidification, and

direct human activities (1). One of the marine and coastal

ecosystems with decreasing quality is located in Purworejo

Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.

Approximately 80% marine and coastal pollution is caused

by industrial, agricultural, and fish-farming activities as well as

land-use activities (2). The fish farming activities contributing

to the pollution in marine and coastal ecosystems of Purworejo

Regency is shrimp farming. Coastal pollution can be triggered

by pollutants along the coastline and/or indirectly through river

flows, offshore activities, seawater intrusion into the ground,

and others. Shrimp-farming operating activities use a very large

amount of groundwater, leading to a significant reduce in

groundwater quantity. In addition, untreated wastewater

drained from shrimp ponds is immediately discharged into the

surroundings in a vast quantity with unidentified quality,

making the environment more burdened.

Materials and methods

The research stages consist of secondary data collection,

survey and inventory, testing, data analysis, classification of

status, and conclusions. Geo-electrical survey was carried out

to identify underground damage, which includes the depth and

quantity of groundwater and the extent of seawater intrusion

inland. Wastewater testing was conducted on the wastewater

from shrimp ponds and industries with three sample points. The

parameters tested comprised TSS, turbidity, pH, BOD,

Phosphate, Nitrite, Nitrate, Sulphates, Ammonia, and H2S.

Clean water quality testing was performed for groundwater

with ten sample points. The parameters tested consisted of

colour, turbidity, pH, total hardness (CaCO3), Fluoride, (F),

Chloride (Cl), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nitrite, Nitrate,

According to (3), on a global scale, irrigation contributes

the largest volume of wastewater and the livestock sector

produces more animal waste than human. Such activities

deteriorate groundwater condition, and seawater intrusion

Corresponding author: Widodo Brontowiyono, Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta,

INDONESIA. Email: widodo.bronto@uii.ac.id.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 985-987

Sulphates, KMnO4, dissolved solids (TDS), Cyanide (CN),

coliform MPN, and salinity. Seawater quality testing was

carried out on the seawater along the coastal ecosystems in

Purworejo Regency with five sample points. The parameters

tested included total coliform, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, and pH.

Geological analysis was conducted on the results of geo-

electrical survey. Identification analysis of underground

degradation correlates with the extent of seawater intrusion

inland. Analysis of wastewater and clean water pollution was

done to the results of wastewater-quality laboratory test, and

comparison was made with the environmental quality

standards. The quality standards for the analysis of clean water

pollution referred to the Regulation of the Minister of Health

Number 32 of 2017 concerning the Quality Standards of Clean

Water and Drinking Water, and for that of wastewater

pollution, the Regional Regulation of Central Java Province

Number 5 of 2012 concerning Wastewater Quality Standards

for Other Industrial Activities was utilized. Meanwhile, the

results of seawater-quality laboratory test was analyzed for

seawater pollution and compared with the quality standards

from the Decree of the Minister of Environment Number 51 of

MPN/100 ml (threshold = 50 MPN/100 ml).

Meanwhile, the results of river water testing show that the

key parameters exceeding the environmental quality standard

for clean water include the hardness and total coliform,

reaching 506 mg/L (500 mg/L EQS) and 105 x 10 MPN/100

ml (50 MPN/100 ml EQS), respectively. Hard water is caused

by Ca and Mg ions or by such other elements as Al, Fe, Mn,

and Zn (7). The level of water hardness is also influenced by

land topography in which lands with flat topography tend to

have a high level of hardness because the movement of

minerals in water becomes slower and they settle at certain

points. In addition to hardness, the river water has been polluted

by total coliform. Such pollutant overload can indicate the

existence of pollutant sources intruding clean water resources.

According to (8), when total coliform bacteria are located, it is

highly likely that there has been pollution due to human organic

waste or animal waste. Such pollution comes from poor

sanitation practices, such as the high percentage of people

practicing open defecation reaching 22.7% in 2015 (9), poor

sanitation facilities such as open unsecured latrines, and the

sewer system that is mixed with the system for rainwater and

domestic waste among the community in the study area.

004 concerning Seawater Quality Standards.

.3 Seawater Pollution

Test sampling is conducted at 5 points spreading from the

Results and discussion

.1 Wastewater Pollution

east to the west. The test results in key parameters that indicate

seawater pollution in the coastal ecosystem. These parameters

include pH and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg) as well as the

biological parameter of total coliform. The pH level exceeds

the quality standard at sample point 4 with 8.96 (7 – 8.5 EQS).

The levels of Pb at 5 sample points are all above the threshold

of environmental quality standard with 0.27 mg/L at point 1,

Shrimp-farming activities around a marine and coastal

ecosystem lead to declining environmental quality. Wastewater

sampling is done at three points of shrimp-pond outlet followed

by a laboratory-scale analysis. The results indicate a number of

pollutant parameters with excessive values. These parameters

include TSS of 1470, 13430, and 1047.5 mg/L (100 mg/L EQS)

in samples 1, 2, and 3 respectively, with BOD values of 440,

51, and 162 mg/L (EQS = 50), and sulphide parameters of

.77, 3.74, and 1.24 mg/L (1 mg/L EQS). In addition, the

parameter of Nitrite as N at the wastewater sample points 1 and

is 2.05 and 2.06 mg/L (1 mg/L EQS), while that of sample 3

.16 mg/L at point 2, 0.19 mg/L at point 3, 0.25 mg/L at point

, and 0.25 mg/L at point 5 while the EQS is 0.005 mg/L. This

is similar to the parameters of Cd, Cr and Hg in which all points

have greater levels than 0.002 mg/L EQS threshold.

The levels of heavy metal content that exceed the quality

standard are caused by various activities, including waste from

industries, mining, agriculture, and domestic activities that

contain heavy metals (10). In the industrial sector (11), it

records the existence of small-scale to large-scale industries in

Purworejo Regency as a form of support for the local economy,

such as the textile industry in Banyuurip, wood processing in

Bayan, and widespread food industries as well as other small-

scale and medium-scale industries. Such activities as wood

processing, agriculture, and tourism have significantly affected

the hydrological aspect of the environment with lowered water

productivity and disrupted water quality.

is 0.65 mg/L indicating that it remains below the environmental

quality standards. The high values of physical, chemical, and

organic chemical parameters result from the fact that shrimp

farming uses a number of chemicals in the feed, antibiotics, or

drugs that protect shrimp from disease, allowing optimum

shrimp growth and larger yields (5). Furthermore, in the

absence of Wastewater Treatment Plant, shrimp-farming waste

will pollute water bodies. According to (6), if the best practice

management of shrimp farming is not implemented, the effect

appears as pollution from leftover feed and other solutes in the

wastewater.

.2 Clean Water Pollution

The test results indicate several parameters that exceed the

3.4 Geo-electrical Analysis

environmental quality standards for clean water set in the

Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 32 of 2017.

Parameters above the threshold can indicate groundwater

pollution in the study area. These parameters include water

turbidity of 26.7 NTU (EQS = 25 NTU) at sample point 10,

manganese (Mn) of 1.49 mg/L (0.5 mg/L EQS) at point 10,

water hardness of 704 mg/L at point 2, 1562 mg/L at point 7,

From the results of geo-electrical resistivity analysis

conducted using a computer program and correlated with the

geological conditions, it is interpreted that there are 3 types of

lithology based on the resistivity level of rock types, including

the cover layer, the clay layer, and the sand layer. The depth

and resistivity of each layer can be seen in Table 1. Table 1

shows that there is a lithology at the observation point with the

potential of water content in the form of sand layer at a depth

of 13.97 – 16.82 meters. However, since the layer thickness is

less than 3 meters, it is estimated that the potential of water

discharge is relatively small.

068 mg/L at point 8, 904 mg/L at point 9, and 1672 mg/L at

point 10 with 500 mg/L EQS. Another key parameter exceeding

the environmental quality standard is the total coliform in all

well points that reaches a range of 46 x 10 – 116 x 10

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 985-987

Table 1: Depth, Resistivity and interpretation of rock unit in

the geo-electrical analysis

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the regional government of

Purworejo Regency for supporting this study.

Depth

Meter)

0 – 1.03

1.03 – 4.52

4.52 – 13.97

13.97 – 16.82 27.16

16.82 – 48.69 3.87

>48.69

Resistivity

(Ohm-m)

5.96 – 71.04

5.66

Interpretation

of Rock Unit

Cover layer

Clay

Cl ay

Sand

Layer

(

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

8.17

(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

Clay/Sand

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements

that submitted work is original and has not been published

elsewhere in any language.

4.05

Source: Results of Geo-electrical Analysis

Meanwhile, in the lower layer deeper than 16.82 meters, the

resistivity value shows a lithology in the form of clay without

the potential to become an aquifer. Because the assessment site

is located in the coastal ecosystem, the small resistivity value

leads to another possibility of sand layer containing water with

seawater intrusion. Therefore, if drilling is carried out to reach

a depth of more than 16.82 meters, the possibilities are: (a) no

layer with water resource is found, or (b) a layer containing

water is located but with seawater intrusion.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

.5 Conservation of Coastal Ecosystems

final assessment indicates whether environmental

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